每个 Linux 用户必须知道的 10 个最常用的 Nginx 命令
Nginx(发音为 Engine x)是一个免费、开源、高性能、可扩展、可靠、功能齐全且流行的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器、邮件代理服务器以及通用 TCP/UDP 代理服务器。
Nginx因其配置简单、性能高、资源消耗低而闻名,它被用于支持网络上的多个高流量网站,例如GitHub、SoundCloud、Dropbox、Netflix、WordPress等。
在本指南中,我们将解释一些最常用的 Nginx 服务管理命令,作为开发人员或系统管理员,您应该随时掌握这些命令。我们将展示Systemd和SysVinit的命令。
以下列出的所有Nginx常用命令都必须以root或sudo 用户身份执行,并且可以在任何现代 Linux 发行版(如CentOS、RHEL、Debian、Ubuntu和Fedora )上运行。
安装 Nginx 服务器
要安装Nginx网络服务器,请使用默认分发包管理器,如图所示。
$ sudo yum install epel-release && yum install nginx [On CentOS/RHEL] $ sudo dnf install nginx [On Fedora] $ sudo apt install nginx [On Debian/Ubuntu]
检查 Nginx 版本
要检查 Linux 系统上安装的 Nginx Web 服务器的版本,请运行以下命令。
$ nginx -v nginx version: nginx/1.12.2
上述命令仅显示版本号。如果您想查看版本和配置选项,请使用-V
如下所示的标志。
$ nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.12.2 built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16) (GCC) built with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips 26 Jan 2017 TLS SNI support enabled configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/share/nginx --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/client_body --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/proxy --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/fastcgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/uwsgi --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/scgi --pid-path=/run/nginx.pid --lock-path=/run/lock/subsys/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-ipv6 --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module=dynamic --with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic --with-http_geoip_module=dynamic --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_slice_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_perl_module=dynamic --with-mail=dynamic --with-mail_ssl_module --with-pcre --with-pcre-jit --with-stream=dynamic --with-stream_ssl_module --with-google_perftools_module --with-debug --with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-cc1 -m64 -mtune=generic' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld -Wl,-E'
检查 Nginx 配置语法
在实际启动Nginx服务之前,您可以检查其配置语法是否正确。如果您对现有配置结构进行了更改或添加了新配置,这尤其有用。
要测试Nginx配置,请运行以下命令。
$ sudo nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
您可以测试Nginx配置,转储它并使用-T
如图所示的标志退出。
$ sudo nginx -T
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful # configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf: # For more information on configuration, see: # * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/ # * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/ user nginx; worker_processes auto; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /run/nginx.pid; # Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic. include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; # Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory. # See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include # for more information. include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; server { listen 80 default_server; listen [::]:80 default_server; server_name _; root /usr/share/nginx/html; # Load configuration files for the default server block. include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf; location / { } error_page 404 /404.html; location = /40x.html { } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { } } ....
启动 Nginx 服务
要启动Nginx服务,请运行以下命令。请注意,如果配置语法不正确,此过程可能会失败。
$ sudo systemctl start nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx start #sysvinit
启用Nginx服务
上面的命令仅暂时启动服务,要使其在启动时自动启动,请运行以下命令。
$ sudo systemctl enable nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx enable #sysv init
重启 Nginx 服务
重新启动Nginx服务,该操作将停止然后启动该服务。
$ sudo systemctl restart nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx restart #sysv init
查看Nginx服务状态
您可以按如下方式检查Nginx服务的状态。此命令显示有关服务的运行时状态信息。
$ sudo systemctl status nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx status #sysvinit
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service. [root@example ~]# systemctl status nginx ● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-03-05 05:27:15 EST; 2min 59s ago Main PID: 31515 (nginx) CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service ├─31515 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx └─31516 nginx: worker process Mar 05 05:27:15 example.com systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server... Mar 05 05:27:15 example.com nginx[31509]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok Mar 05 05:27:15 example.com nginx[31509]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful Mar 05 05:27:15 example.com systemd[1]: Failed to read PID from file /run/nginx.pid: Invalid argument Mar 05 05:27:15 example.com systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.
重新加载 Nginx 服务
要告诉Nginx重新加载其配置,请使用以下命令。
$ sudo systemctl reload nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx reload #sysvinit
停止 Nginx 服务
如果您出于某种原因想要停止Nginx服务,请使用以下命令。
$ sudo systemctl stop nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx stop #sysvinit
显示 Nginx 命令帮助
要获得所有Nginx命令和选项的简单参考指南,请使用以下命令。
$ systemctl -h nginx
systemctl [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND} ... Query or send control commands to the systemd manager. -h --help Show this help --version Show package version --system Connect to system manager -H --host=[USER@]HOST Operate on remote host -M --machine=CONTAINER Operate on local container -t --type=TYPE List units of a particular type --state=STATE List units with particular LOAD or SUB or ACTIVE state -p --property=NAME Show only properties by this name -a --all Show all loaded units/properties, including dead/empty ones. To list all units installed on the system, use the 'list-unit-files' command instead. -l --full Don't ellipsize unit names on output -r --recursive Show unit list of host and local containers --reverse Show reverse dependencies with 'list-dependencies' --job-mode=MODE Specify how to deal with already queued jobs, when queueing a new job --show-types When showing sockets, explicitly show their type -i --ignore-inhibitors ...
您可能还想阅读以下与 Nginx 相关的文章。
- 保护、强化和提高 Nginx Web 服务器性能的终极指南
- Amplify – 轻松实现 NGINX 监控
- ngxtop - 在 Linux 中实时监控 Nginx 日志文件
- 如何使用虚拟主机和 SSL 证书安装 Nginx
- 如何在 Linux 中隐藏 Nginx 服务器版本
现在就这些了!在本指南中,我们解释了一些您应该知道的最常用的Nginx服务管理命令,包括启动、启用、重新启动和停止 Nginx。如果您有任何补充或问题,请使用下面的反馈表。