如何在 Linux 上查找硬盘规格/详细信息
您能否告诉我一个 Linux 命令，以便在 Linux 操作系统下使用命令行选项查找有关我的硬盘的信息，例如描述、产品名称、总线类型、大小和缓存大小？
Linux 附带各种命令来查找有关硬盘的信息。我推荐使用 hdparm 命令，它为现有 Linux ATA/IDE 设备驱动程序子系统支持的各种硬盘 ioctl 提供了命令行界面。此命令直接从驱动器读取/请求识别信息（如磁盘大小、描述等），这些信息以新的扩展格式显示。让我们看看各种 Linux 磁盘信息命令，它们用于在屏幕上打印硬盘驱动器详细信息。
您可以通过点击“智能数据”按钮查看磁盘健康状况（有关更多信息，请参阅smartd ）：
Linux 附带各种命令来查找有关硬盘的信息。我推荐使用 hdparm 命令，它为现有 Linux ATA/IDE 设备驱动程序子系统支持的各种硬盘 ioctl 提供了命令行界面。此命令直接从驱动器读取/请求识别信息（如磁盘大小、描述等），这些信息以新的扩展格式显示。让我们看看各种 Linux 磁盘信息命令，它们用于在屏幕上打印硬盘驱动器详细信息。
| 教程详细信息 | |
|---|---|
| 难度等级 | 简单的 |
| Root 权限 | 是的 |
| 要求 | Linux 终端 |
| 类别 | 系统管理 |
| 操作系统兼容性 | Alma • Alpine • Arch • Debian • Fedora • Linux • macOS • Mint • openSUSE • pop!_os • RHEL • Rocky • Stream • SUSE • Ubuntu |
| 预计阅读时间 | 10 分钟 |
使用 lsblk 命令查看 Linux 硬盘信息
运行如下 lsblk 命令来列出有关所有可用或指定块设备的信息：
所以我有两个处于 RAID-1 模式且带有加密分区的 NVMe SSD：
# lsblk
# lsblk /dev/DISK
# lsblk /dev/sda
nvme0n1 259:0 0 953.9G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 953M 0 part /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 3.7G 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 3.7G 0 raid1 /boot
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 949.2G 0 part
└─md1 9:1 0 949.1G 0 raid1
└─md1_crypt 253:0 0 949.1G 0 crypt
├─example-swap 253:1 0 119.2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
└─example-root 253:2 0 829.9G 0 lvm /
nvme1n1 259:4 0 953.9G 0 disk
├─nvme1n1p1 259:5 0 953M 0 part
├─nvme1n1p2 259:6 0 3.7G 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 3.7G 0 raid1 /boot
└─nvme1n1p3 259:7 0 949.2G 0 part
└─md1 9:1 0 949.1G 0 raid1
└─md1_crypt 253:0 0 949.1G 0 crypt
├─example-swap 253:1 0 119.2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
└─example-root 253:2 0 829.9G 0 lvm /
另一个选择是运行以下 ls 命令来列出所有磁盘及其名称：
# ls -lF /dev/disk/by-id/
Linux 显示块设备如硬盘驱动器的属性
打开终端应用程序，然后输入 blkid 命令：
# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="35D0-69B0" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="50f81f2e-9c4c-43ce-896d-7a55bee67397" /dev/sda2: UUID="985b0131-765b-4d1e-94fa-8c86491dad4d" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="00c44b9a-47b7-4ad3-b5ed-66a011f924b1
使用 hdparm 命令在 Linux 上查找硬盘驱动器规格
打开终端并输入以下命令来查找有关 /dev/sda 的信息：
# hdparm -I /dev/sda
或者
$ sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda
这是我所看到的：
/dev/sda:
ATA device, with non-removable media
Model Number: ST3500630AS
Serial Number: 9XXYZ845YZ
Firmware Revision: 3.AAK
Standards:
Supported: 7 6 5 4
Likely used: 7
Configuration:
Logical max current
cylinders 16383 16383
heads 16 16
sectors/track 63 63
--
CHS current addressable sectors: 16514064
LBA user addressable sectors: 268435455
LBA48 user addressable sectors: 976773168
device size with M = 1024*1024: 476940 MBytes
device size with M = 1000*1000: 500107 MBytes (500 GB)
Capabilities:
LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
Queue depth: 32
Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16 Current = 16
Recommended acoustic management value: 254, current value: 0
DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
Enabled Supported:
* SMART feature set
Security Mode feature set
* Power Management feature set
* Write cache
* Look-ahead
* Host Protected Area feature set
* WRITE_BUFFER command
* READ_BUFFER command
* DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
SET_MAX security extension
* 48-bit Address feature set
* Device Configuration Overlay feature set
* Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
* FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
* SMART error logging
* SMART self-test
* General Purpose Logging feature set
* SATA-I signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
* SATA-II signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
* Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
* Phy event counters
Device-initiated interface power management
* Software settings preservation
Security:
Master password revision code = 65534
supported
not enabled
not locked
frozen
not expired: security count
not supported: enhanced erase
Checksum: correct
lshw 命令
您需要使用 apt-get 或 yum 命令安装 lshw 命令。要显示系统中的所有磁盘和存储控制器，请输入：
# lshw -class disk -class storage
从我的 Linux 机器：
*-storage
description: Mass storage controller
product: 5-in-1 Multimedia Card Reader (SD/MMC/MS/MS PRO/xD)
vendor: Texas Instruments
physical id: 1.2
bus info: pci@0000:03:01.2
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: storage pm bus_master cap_list
configuration: driver=tifm_7xx1 latency=64 maxlatency=4 mingnt=7
resources: irq:19 memory:f19fa000-f19fafff
*-storage
description: SATA controller
product: 5 Series/3400 Series Chipset 6 port SATA AHCI Controller
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1f.2
bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.2
logical name: scsi0
logical name: scsi1
logical name: scsi2
version: 05
width: 32 bits
clock: 66MHz
capabilities: storage msi pm ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_list emulated
configuration: driver=ahci latency=0
resources: irq:32 ioport:6e70(size=8) ioport:6e78(size=4) ioport:6e80(size=8) ioport:6e88(size=4) ioport:6ea0(size=32) memory:fed1e000-fed1e7ff
*-disk:0
description: ATA Disk
product: TOSHIBA MK5061GS
vendor: Toshiba
physical id: 0
bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sda
version: MF00
serial: 71XYZYYYY
size: 465GiB (500GB)
capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
configuration: ansiversion=5 signature=00025d42
*-cdrom
description: DVD-RAM writer
product: BD-RE UJ232A
vendor: MATSHITA
physical id: 1
bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/cdrom
logical name: /dev/cdrw
logical name: /dev/dvd
logical name: /dev/dvdrw
logical name: /dev/scd0
logical name: /dev/sr0
logical name: /media/cdrom0
version: 1.10
capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram
configuration: ansiversion=5 mount.fstype=udf mount.options=ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,utf8 state=mounted status=ready
*-medium
physical id: 0
logical name: /dev/cdrom
logical name: /media/cdrom0
configuration: mount.fstype=udf mount.options=ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,utf8 state=mounted
*-disk:1
description: ATA Disk
product: ST9500420ASG
vendor: Seagate
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@2:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sdb
version: 0004
serial: 5VXYZYYYY
size: 465GiB (500GB)
capabilities: gpt-1.00 partitioned partitioned:gpt
configuration: ansiversion=5 guid=8795c9fc-5238-11e1-84e2-00216aca9b10
仅查找 Linux 磁盘名称
以下 lshw 命令将快速列出已安装的磁盘，包括 CD/DVD/BD 驱动程序：
# lshw -short -C disk
示例输出：
H/W path Device Class Description ======================================================== /0/100/1f.2/0 /dev/sda disk 500GB TOSHIBA MK5061GS /0/100/1f.2/1 /dev/cdrom disk BD-RE UJ232A /0/100/1f.2/1/0 /dev/cdrom disk /0/100/1f.2/0.0.0 /dev/sdb disk 500GB ST9500420ASG
另一个选择是运行 fdisk 命令，如下所示：
# fdisk -l
使用grep 命令/ egrep 命令过滤掉环回和其他不需要的设备：
# fdisk -l | grep '^Disk /dev/'
# fdisk -l | grep '^Disk /dev/' | egrep -v '/dev/(loop|mapper|md)'
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 953.89 GiB, 1024209543168 bytes, 2000409264 sectors Disk /dev/nvme1n1: 953.89 GiB, 1024209543168 bytes, 2000409264 sectors
Linux GUI 磁盘实用程序
Gnome 用户可以使用 gnome-disk-utility/gnome-disks 来做以下事情：
- 获取有关已安装磁盘及其当前运行状况的信息。
- 管理和配置磁盘驱动器。
- 配置媒体。
- 设置软件 RAID 设备等等。
键入以下命令或通过访问“应用程序”>“系统工具”>“磁盘实用程序”来启动“磁盘实用程序”：
# palimpsest
或
# gnome-disks
图 01：Linux 列出硬盘 GUI 工具和命令 - 点击放大
图02：硬盘的Samrtdata
smartctl 命令
smartctl 命令充当 Linux 和类 Unix 操作系统下 SMART 磁盘的控制和监视实用程序。输入以下命令获取有关 /dev/sda（SATA 磁盘）的信息：
# smartctl -d ata -a -i /dev/sda
从我的笔记本电脑：
smartctl 5.40 2010-07-12 r3124 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: TOSHIBA MK5061GSYF
Serial Number: 71XXXYYZ
Firmware Version: MF000D
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: Exact ATA specification draft version not indicated
Local Time is: Fri Feb 24 05:27:29 2012 IST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 36) The self-test routine was interrupted
by the host with a hard or soft reset.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 120) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 136) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 128
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 100 100 001 Pre-fail Always - 1650
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 34237
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 120
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 42
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 23
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 13971
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 39 (Lifetime Min/Max 21/48)
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3536073
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 9143982
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 28415
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 741418060
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 450708673
254 Free_Fall_Sensor 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Interrupted (host reset) 40% 343 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 186 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 71 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
# 5 Short offline Completed without error 00% 0 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
关于 RAID 和 SCSI 磁盘的说明
对基于 SCSI 和硬件 RAID 的设备尝试以下命令：
- sdparm 命令——获取SCSI/SATA设备信息。
- scsi_id 命令–通过 SCSI INQUIRY 重要产品数据 (VPD)查询SCSI 设备。
- 使用smartctl 检查Adaptec RAID控制器后面的磁盘
- 使用smartctl 检查3Ware RAID卡后面的硬盘
结论
您了解了如何在 Linux 上查找硬盘驱动器信息。要获取有关硬盘的更多信息，请参阅我们的其他文章和教程：
- 如何在 Linux 或 UNIX 中查找或了解硬盘大小
- 如何：Linux 检查 IDE/SATA 硬盘传输速度
- Linux：使用 hddtemp 监控硬盘温度
- 如何测试我的 Linux 服务器 SCSI/SATA 硬盘是否出现故障？
- Linux：如何备份硬盘分区表（MBR）
- Linux 使用命令行查找 NVMe SSD 温度
- 如何通过 Shell 提示符查找硬盘每分钟转速 (RPM)
- Linux 检查 IDE / SATA SSD 硬盘传输速度
- Linux 和 Unix 使用 dd 命令测试磁盘 I/O 性能
还可以使用 man 命令或 help 命令阅读以下手册页，以了解 Linux 下的硬盘规格：
$ man lsblk
$ man blkid
$ man hdparm
$ man lshw
$ man fdisk
$ man smartctl
本篇是smartctl (smartd) 教程系列中的第 8 篇（共9篇） 。继续阅读本系列的其余部分：
- 测试 Linux 服务器 SCSI/SATA/SSD 硬盘是否出现故障
- Linux / UNIX：Smartctl 检查 3Ware RAID 卡后面的硬盘
- Linux 使用 smartctl 检查 Adaptec RAID 控制器后面的磁盘
- 在 Linux 或 UNIX 操作系统下使用 smartd 监控硬盘健康状况
- FreeBSD：使用 smartd 工具获取/读取硬盘温度
- Linux 使用 hddtemp 监控硬盘温度
- Linux 命令查找 SATA 链接速度（如 1.5 / 3.0 / 6.0 Gbps）[硬盘]
- 如何在 Linux 上查找硬盘规格/详细信息
- FreeBSD insatll smartctl top 检查硬盘健康状况